Calamus arctifrons

Calamus arctifrons
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Acanthuriformes
Family:	Sparidae
Genus:	Calamus
Species:	C. arctifrons
Binomial name
Calamus arctifrons Goode & T. H. Bean, 1882

Calamus arctifrons, the grass porgy, is a fish species belonging to the family Sparidae, widely recognized for its association with reef environments and its distinct ecological and recreational importance. Found primarily in the western Atlantic Ocean, this species is known for its streamlined body, silver coloration with subtle patterns, and its adaptability to various habitats, including seagrass beds and sandy-bottom areas.

Morphology

Grass porgies exhibit a moderately compressed, oval body with a blunt snout and relatively small mouth. The body coloration ranges from silvery to grayish, often with faint vertical bands or mottling that aids in camouflage among seagrass and sandy substrates. They typically reach lengths of 15–25 cm (6–10 in), although larger specimens have been recorded. Key physical features include a dorsal fin with sharp spines followed by soft rays, providing a distinct ridged appearance; a slightly protrusible mouth equipped with small, sharp teeth suited for omnivorous feeding; and a forked caudal fin, which contributes to their agility in navigating complex habitats.

Habitat

Grass porgies are native to the western Atlantic Ocean, ranging from the southeastern United States (including Florida) to parts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. They prefer shallow, coastal waters up to 30 meters (about 100 feet) deep and are frequently associated with seagrass meadows, reefs, and sandy bottoms.

Ecology and behaviour

The grass porgy is a diurnal and primarily benthic feeder. It exhibits a diet that reflects its omnivorous tendencies, feeding on small crustaceans, bivalves, and gastropods, which it crushes using its strong pharyngeal teeth. Algae and detritus are consumed particularly in seagrass habitats. This fish plays a vital ecological role in contributing to the balance of benthic communities.

Socially, it is often observed in small groups, though solitary individuals are not uncommon.

Threats

The IUCN has evaluated Calamus arctifrons as a species of least concern, and its populations appear stable across most of its range. However, efforts to protect coastal habitats and manage fisheries sustainably are crucial for ensuring the long-term health of grass porgy populations.